Category: Ubuntu

Apt is a monster of a tool. It can help you stay right on the cutting edge with little or no effort on your part.

Let’s say, for example, you’ve had an Ubuntu installation running for a while, but you want to install the latest version of the OS. You need to do a full backup, burn a new disc, sit through a reinstallation process and cross your fingers, right? Wrong.

Type

sudo apt-get distupgrade

to bring your installed distro in line with current standards automatically.

The next step is to turn your installed packages into the shiny new versions, which you can do using a slightly different command in the terminal window:

sudo apt-get upgrade 

Insert it (remembering to prefix it with sudo, which tells Ubuntu to perform the action as a super user) and apt-get will hammer through the list, marking and installing any packages that have fallen behind the times.

The auto-updater isn’t the only way to get your system up to speed. The package manager – which deals with downloading, installing and configuring new programs – might need a little kick, however.

Open a terminal window (select it from the menu, or hit [Alt]+[F2] and type gnome-terminal), then type

sudo apt-get update

to ensure that Ubuntu’s knowledge of packages is up to date.

For shutdown:

sudo poweroff

For restart:

sudo reboot

A CSR is a file containing your certificate application information, including your Public Key. Generate your CSR and then copy and paste the CSR file into the web form in the enrollment process:

Generate keys and certificate:

To generate a pair of private key and public Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a webserver, “server”, use the following command :

openssl req -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout myserver.key -out server.csr

This creates a two files. The file myserver.key contains a private key; do not disclose this file to anyone. Carefully protect the private key.

In particular, be sure to backup the private key, as there is no means to recover it should it be lost. The private key is used as input in the command to generate a Certificate Signing Request (CSR).

You will now be asked to enter details to be entered into your CSR.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.

Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: GB
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: Yorks
Locality Name (eg, city) []: York
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: MyCompany Ltd
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: IT
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []: mysubdomain.mydomain.com
Email Address []:

Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []: 
An optional company name []:

Use the name of the web-server as Common Name (CN). If the domain name (Common Name) is mydomain.com append the domain to the hostname (use the fully qualified domain name).

The fields email address, optional company name and challenge password can be left blank for a webserver certificate.

Your CSR will now have been created. Open the server.csr in a text editor and copy and paste the contents into the online enrollment form when requested.

Alternatively one may issue the following command to generate a CSR:

openssl req -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout myserver.key -out server.csr 
-subj "/C=GB/ST=Yorks/L=York/O=MyCompany Ltd./OU=IT/CN=mysubdomain.mydomain.com"

Note: If the “-nodes” is entered the key will not be encrypted with a DES pass phrase.

We need to grant ownership of the directory to the user, instead of just keeping it on the root system.

 sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/example.com/public_html

Additionally, it is important to make sure that everyone will be able to read our new files.

 sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www